2008年4月20日 星期日

02. Lighting

Lighting

Light is needed by a plant for using nutrients and manufacturing food. It has a great influence on chlorophyll production, growth rate, leaf size, and flower and seed production. Light will be one of the most important aspects of your grow operation. For the purposes of growing marijuana, there are two basic types of lights: fluorescent's and high intensity discharge (HID), including MV (mercury vapor), MH (metal halide), and HPS (high pressure sodium).
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植物需要光來利用養份和製造食物。它對葉綠素的製造、生長速度、葉子的大小、及花和種子的製造有很大的影響。光將是種植最重要的面相之一。對於種植大麻來 說,有兩種基本的光源:日光燈和高壓放電燈(HID),包含了水銀燈(MV)、複金屬(滷素)燈(MH)和高壓鈉燈(HPS)。
HID vs. Fluorescent

The main difference is that fluorescent's create light by passing electricity through a gas vapor under low pressure and HID creates light by passing electricity through a gas vapor under high pressure. HID lights are much brighter and while initially more expensive, are more cost efficient to operate and will grow a much nicer crop. Therefore, they are the light of choice for most indoor growers.

HID和日光燈最主要的差別在於日光燈藉由低壓電子穿透氣體發光而HID藉由高壓電子穿透氣體發光。HID亮得多而且初期成本較貴、但較有效率也讓植物長得較好。所以它們是大多數室內種植者的首選之光。

Fluorescent

Fluorescents come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. There are compacts, twist bulbs and circle bulbs. They all work the same way. They have a starter and ballast which help provide a steady and regulated amount of electricity to the light. Before HID lights were available indoor growers used fluorescent lights. While fluorescents can be used for an entire grow from seedling to harvest, it is generally not advised to use them in this way. To grow effectively with fluorescent's, think small. These lights are better suited for starting seedlings, rooting clones and small plants, maintaining moms for cloning purposes, and providing sidelight for the undergrowth. These situations do not require a high intensity of light to run their course. The light emitted by fluorescents is gentler and more diffuse, it doesn't release a lot of heat, and doesn't make the plant work as hard. For this reason they can be kept closer to the plant. One or two inches is sufficient, but this also means that the lights must be adjusted almost daily to accommodate growth which can be troublesome.

日光燈有多種不同的形狀和大小。它們都用同樣的方法發光。它們有一個啟動器和一個提供穩固和定量電力的安定器。在有HID之前,室內種植者使用日光燈。日 光燈可以用在整個從種子催芽到收成的種植過程,但通常不建議這樣使用。要想有效率地用日光燈種植,想小一點。這些光比較適合催芽、髮根和小的植物,照顧無 性生植的母株,和提供底層的邊光。這些情況並不需要強烈的光線。日光燈所發出的光要溫和、擴散得多,也不會產生太多的熱、也不會讓植物長得太辛苦。因為這 樣,它們可以放得離植物更近。一到兩英吋就夠了,但這也表示光源必需每天調整,以適合植物生長,這有個麻煩。

High Intensity Discharge

There are basically three types of HID lights. Mercury vapor (MV), metal halide (MH), and high pressure sodium (HPS). These lights also require a starter and a ballast.

HID有三種基本款式,水銀燈(MV)、金屬滷素(複金屬)燈(MH)、高壓鈉燈(HPS),這些也都需要啟動器和安定器。

Mercury Vapor

Mercury vapor is the type of lights that were used for streetlights many years ago. Not very good for growing because it doesn't provide enough of the right kind of light spectrum. While they do provide a little of the blue spectrum, MV also produces too much heat to get very close to a plant, and are very inefficient to operate.

水銀燈是好多年前拿來當做街燈的光源。並不非常適合拿來種植,因為它提供的光譜不足夠。它們提供一小部分藍色光譜,水銀燈也提供更多的熱以致於不能離植物太近,非常沒有效率的一種燈。

Metal Halide

The metal halide is a very good source of the white/blue spectrum of light that is ideal for vegetative growth. Many growers use MH during the vegetative phase. MH is bright and cost efficient to operate, but not as efficient as HPS lights. Most commonly used sizes are 400 watt and 1,000 watt. Works best when used in combination with HPS lights.

金屬滷素燈是白和藍光譜非常好的來源,因此它很適合植物性生長階段。很多種植者在植物性生長階段使用金屬滷素燈。MH 很亮而且操作很有效率,但還是不如高壓鈉燈有效率。最常被使用的是400W和1000W。和HPS合用時是最好的。

High Pressure Sodium

The best light available today for growing marijuana. High pressure sodium lights are very bright and very efficient. This light has a red/orange spectrum that is ideal for the flowering phase. With enough of these kind of lights you too can grow those centerfold buds. HPS comes in a wide variety of wattage from 70 watts up to 1,000 watts.

今時今日種植大麻最好的光源。HPS 非常亮非常有效率。這個光源的光譜偏紅橘色,因此很適合開花的階段。使用足夠的HPS,你也可以種出雜誌插頁內或是網頁上那樣漂亮的花。HPS 有很多不同的瓦數,從70W到1000W都有。

Lighting Formulas

To correctly determine the best lighting for your space there are several things that you have to know. At this point, a couple of definitions are in order. The amount of light emitted by one candle that falls on one square foot of surface one foot away is called a lumen (lm). The amount of electricity flowing through a wire is measured in watts. Watt (W) hours measure the amount of watts used in one hour. A kilowatt/hour (kWh) is 1,000 watt/hours (Wh).

要正確的計算出適合你的空間的最佳光照有幾件事情你必需要知道。有幾個定義要先明確。光的量是由一支蠟蠋由一英呎的距離照在一平方英呎的地方做為計量單位:流明。電的量則是以瓦特做為計量。瓦特小時則是一小時內使用的電量。一個仟瓦小時是1000瓦小時。

Operating Costs

Find your kWh charge on your electric bill. Assume you have a 1,000 W light and your kWh charge is $.05/hour. A kilowatt (kW) equals 1,000 W, therefore it will cost you $0.05 cents per hour to run that light. Here's another example. Say you have a 400 W light and your kWh charge is $0.03. Since 400 W is not a kilowatt, you must divide 400 by 1,000 (0.4 kW) and multiply that by the kWh rate from your electricity bill (0.03 kWh), leaving you with a cost of $0.012 cents per hour.

從你的電費帳單中找出你的仟瓦小時計費方式,假設你有一個1000W的燈而你的仟瓦小時計費是0.05美元,而仟瓦等於1000瓦,所以你的燈每開一小時就花你0.05美元。另一個例子:假設你有一個400W的燈而你的仟瓦小時計費是0.03美元,既然400W不等於仟瓦,你必須將400除以1000等於 0.4,再乘上0.03等於0.012,這表示你的400W燈每開一小時花費你0.012美元的營業成本。

Lumen Per Square Foot

To determine how many lumen per square foot you have, find out the square footage of your space by multiplying the width and depth. Divide the lumen available by your square footage. This will give you lumen per square foot. For example, say your space is 3 feet deep by 4 feet wide, for a total of 12 square feet. The total lumen available from your light(s) is 45,000 lumen, which means you have 3,750 lumen per square foot.

想要計算出你每平方英呎的空間得到多少流明的光量,找出你所有的空間的總面積,用你的總流明數除以總面積。這會給你每平方英呎的流明數。舉例來說,假設你的空間有3呎深4呎寬,等於總共是12平方英呎,而你的燈的總流明數是45,000流明,這就表示你有3,750流明每平方英呎。

How Much Light Do I Need?

Technology has advanced so much in the last 15 years that we are constantly refining the process and updating what we know works best for growing. Current theory holds that the minimum amount of lighting needed to sustain growth is around 2,000 lumen per square foot. Mid range is around 5,000 lumen per square foot. Optimal is 7,000 to 7,500 or higher lumen per square foot.

科技在過去15年來有長足的進步,所以我們不斷地改進並修正我們所知對種植最好的作法。目前的理論,要保有基本的種植成長,最少要有每平方英呎2,000流明以上的光量。中等則是5,000流明/平方英呎。最佳則是需要7,000到7,500或更高的流明/平方英呎。

How Many Watts Do I Need?

The general rule of thumb for providing light for an area is a minimum of 30 W per square foot. 50 W per square foot is optimal. You can determine the proper lighting for your area by using this formula:
Watts x Square Feet
提供光照的通用的法則是最少每平方英呎30W。50W是較佳的選則。你可以藉由瓦數乘以平方英呎來計算出你所擁有的光是否足夠。

For example, say you have an area of 10 square feet and a 30 W. That would mean you have a 300 W per square feet minimum. Also, remember that fluorescent's are weaker and emit less light than an HID. This means you will need 5 times the amount of wattage to equal the output of an HID. So, 30 W of HID would equal 150 W of fluorescent's. This is why it is advised to provide a minimum of 30 W per square foot for HID lights and a minimum of 150 W per square foot for fluorescent's.

舉個例子,如果你有一個10平方英呎的區域和最少的光,這表示你最少需要300W的燈才夠。同時,記住日光燈要比HID弱得多也產生較少的光量。這表示你需要5倍的日光燈才能和HID產生一樣的光量。所以30瓦的HID等於150瓦的日光燈。這是建議最少每平方英呎30瓦HID和最少每平方英呎150瓦日光燈的原因。

This is all important because the light intensity will directly affect the quality and yield of your crop. If you have less than optimal lighting your yield and potency will be reduced and buds will not develop as dense. This point can not be stressed enough. You must have the right amount of light for your space to grow high quality bud.

這全都很重要,因為光的強度將直接影響到你的作物的質和量。如果你用少於建議值的光,你的收成量和效力將減少,而且花將不會密集。這個點將無法避免。你必須要有對你的空間來說足夠的光量才能生產高品質的花。

Can I Have Too Much Light?

The basic answer is no. According to the law of diminishing returns, you could theoretically reach a point when your plants just couldn't absorb any more light, but it would be impossible to have that many lights in your space. Heat from the lights would become a problem long before you ever reached that point. So use as many lights as you want, just control the heat.

基本上答案是否。 根據邊際遞減效應,你應該會達到一個點是你的植物再也吸收不了更多的光,但在一個有限的空間裡不太可能容納這麼多光。在你一邊加光想要達到那個頂點之前,光源所產生出來的熱會成為一個大問題。所以,盡你所能的加光吧,只要你能控制熱這個問題。

Experimentation is the only sure method to determine the best solution for each plant. If plants are not receiving enough light, they begin to grow tall and spindly as if stretching for the light and foliage becomes pale green. Or, if they need to be moved closer to the light, or given a longer light exposure period. Too much light may lead to bleaching of leaves and flowers, browning and shriveling. Leaves would become overly compact and curl under at the edges.

實驗是唯一明確求出每株植物所需光源的方法。如果植物吸收的光不夠,他們會為了更接近光而開始長高變得細長,葉子也會變得青綠色。或者他們需要被移靠光近一點或照光久一點時也會有同樣情形。太多的光會漂白葉子和花,葉子會過度地緊密而且葉緣會捲曲。

Photoperiod

Your plants should be started and taken through vegetative growth with a 24/7 or 18/6 light regimen. The reason for an 18/6 regimen is to give the plants a short dark period to breathe and to reduce your electric bill a little bit. Most plants thrive with at least 16 hours of light a day. Adjustments should be made according to individual plant requirements. For flowering 12/12 is the norm. Again, adjustments may need to be made. A minimum of 12 hours of darkness is required to trigger the flowering process.

你的植物應從生長期開始獲得一天24小時一週7天的光照或一天18小時光6小時暗的光照分配。18/6分配是為了給植物一小段黑暗的期間喘口氣以及節省少許電費支出。多數植物一天至少需要16小時光照才能長得繁盛。調整需針對每株植物的需求。開花期用12/12,想要讓植物開花一天12小時黑暗是最基本的。

Lighting No-No's

Don't burn your plants by getting them to close to the light(s). Fluorescent's do not put out much heat and can be as close as one or two inches. HID lights get much hotter and will need to be farther away. A good test is to put your hand between the light and the plant. If your hand gets too hot for comfort, the light is too close.

不要讓植物靠光太近而燒了它們。日光燈不會放出太多的熱,而且可以近到1或2英吋。HID 熱多了,而且需要多一點空間。一個測試方法是把你的手放在植物頂端,如果你的手背會覺得熱到不舒服,就表示太近了。

There are some common lights that may induce a seed to come up, but are worthless for growing purposes. These lights include; Any incandescent (regular) light bulb, halogen lights, black lights and heat lamps. Don't waste your time trying to grow with these lights, you will only be disappointed.

有一些常見的燈或許適合發芽,但是對種植來說沒什麼價值。包括白熱燈泡、滷素燈、黑光燈、和熱燈。別浪費時間去嚐試用這些燈種植,你只會失望而已。

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